Clark International Airport / Clark Air Base — Mabalacat, Philippines

Clark International Airport, widely coded CRK and historically tied to Clark Air Base, occupies former United States Air Force land in Pampanga province north of Manila in the Philippines. American forces operated the base for most of the twentieth century until the catastrophic 1991 eruption of nearby Mount Pinatubo buried facilities in ash and accelerated the handover to Philippine control. Rebuilt in the following decades, the airport has grown into a significant secondary gateway easing congestion at Manila's often-overwhelmed Ninoy Aquino International Airport. Budget carriers including Cebu Pacific and AirAsia use Clark as a base for domestic and regional international routes across Southeast Asia. The surrounding Clark Freeport Zone has developed into a hub for manufacturing, logistics, and leisure investment, including casinos and theme parks that draw both domestic and international visitors. Continued runway and terminal investment reflects government ambitions to position CRK as a genuine second international airport for metropolitan Manila.